Obtaining surface area using Monte Carlo method
Imagine that you have to measure the surface area of the lake by using only a cannon! Let us assume that the geometric shape of the lake is too complex to be dealt with using simple formulas and that you have almost infinite supply of cannon balls. In such case you just have to hope that you are perfectly random shooter! Why so?
If your shots cover the hitting area of the cannon uniformly then you can obtain the area of the lake by estimating the probability to hit it:
\begin{equation} S_{fig} = p S_{hit} , \end{equation}
here \( S_{fig} \) is an estimate of the surface area of certain geometric shape (lake for example), \( p \) is an estimate of the probability to hit the shape, while \( S_{hit} \) is the hitting area of the cannon. The obtained are of course will be only approximate, but one can arrive reasonably near the actual answer.
Next we illustrate this method by applying it towards three geometric shapes - square, circle and Euclidean egg. Why the Euclidean egg? Well, there are numerous reasons for it, one of them being Easter. Happy Easter!